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61.
Recent observational studies of intermediate-age star clusters (SCs) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) have reported that a significant number of these objects show double main-sequence turn-offs (DMSTOs) in their colour-magnitude diagrams (CMDs). One plausible explanation for the origin of these DMSTOs is that the SCs are composed of two different stellar populations with age differences of ∼300 Myr. Based on analytical methods and numerical simulations, we explore a new scenario in which SCs interact and merge with star-forming giant molecular clouds (GMCs) to form new composite SCs with two distinct component populations. In this new scenario, the possible age differences between the two different stellar populations responsible for the DMSTOs are due largely to secondary star formation within GMCs interacting and merging with already-existing SCs in the LMC disc. The total gas masses being converted into new stars (i.e. the second generation of stars) during GMC-SC interaction and merging can be comparable to or larger than the masses of the original SCs (i.e. the first generation of stars) in this scenario. Our simulations show that the spatial distributions of new stars in composite SCs formed from GMC-SC merging are more compact than those of stars initially in the SCs. We discuss both advantages and disadvantages of the new scenario in explaining fundamental properties of SCs with DMSTOs in the LMC and in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). We also discuss the merits of various alternative scenarios for the origin of the DMSTOs. 相似文献
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Michael Zolensky Takashi Mikouchi Marc Fries Robert Bodnar Peter Jenniskens Qing‐zhu Yin Kenji Hagiya Kazumasa Ohsumi Mutsumi Komatsu Matthew Colbert Romy Hanna Jessie Maisano Richard Ketcham Yoko Kebukawa Tomoki Nakamura Moe Matsuoka Sho Sasaki Akira Tsuchiyama Matthieu Gounelle Loan Le James Martinez Kent Ross Zia Rahman 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2014,49(11):1997-2016
Based upon our characterization of three separate stones by electron and X‐ray beam analyses, computed X‐ray microtomography, Raman microspectrometry, and visible‐IR spectrometry, Sutter's Mill is a unique regolith breccia consisting mainly of various CM lithologies. Most samples resemble existing available CM2 chondrites, consisting of chondrules and calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusion (CAI) set within phyllosilicate‐dominated matrix (mainly serpentine), pyrrhotite, pentlandite, tochilinite, and variable amounts of Ca‐Mg‐Fe carbonates. Some lithologies have witnessed sufficient thermal metamorphism to transform phyllosilicates into fine‐grained olivine, tochilinite into troilite, and destroy carbonates. One finely comminuted lithology contains xenolithic materials (enstatite, Fe‐Cr phosphides) suggesting impact of a reduced asteroid (E or M class) onto the main Sutter's Mill parent asteroid, which was probably a C class asteroid. One can use Sutter's Mill to help predict what will be found on the surfaces of C class asteroids such as Ceres and the target asteroids of the OSIRIS‐REx and Hayabusa 2 sample return missions (which will visit predominantly primitive asteroids). C class asteroid regolith may well contain a mixture of hydrated and thermally dehydrated indigenous materials as well as a significant admixture of exogenous material would be essential to the successful interpretation of mineralogical and bulk compositional data. 相似文献
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Tatsu?KuwataniEmail author Kenji?Nagata Masato?Okada Mitsuhiro?Toriumi 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2012,163(3):547-562
The chemical zoning profile in metamorphic minerals is often used to deduce the pressure–temperature (P–T) history of rock. However, it remains difficult to restore detailed paths from zoned minerals because thermobarometric evaluation
of metamorphic conditions involves several uncertainties, including measurement errors and geological noise. We propose a
new stochastic framework for estimating precise P–T paths from a chemical zoning structure using the Markov random field (MRF) model, which is a type of Bayesian stochastic
method that is often applied to image analysis. The continuity of pressure and temperature during mineral growth is incorporated
by Gaussian Markov chains as prior probabilities in order to apply the MRF model to the P–T path inversion. The most probable P–T path can be obtained by maximizing the posterior probability of the sequential set of P and T given the observed compositions of zoned minerals. Synthetic P–T inversion tests were conducted in order to investigate the effectiveness and validity of the proposed model from zoned Mg–Fe–Ca
garnet in the divariant KNCFMASH system. In the present study, the steepest descent method was implemented in order to maximize
the posterior probability using the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The proposed method successfully reproduced the detailed
shape of the synthetic P–T path by eliminating appropriately the statistical compositional noises without operator’s subjectivity and prior knowledge.
It was also used to simultaneously evaluate the uncertainty of pressure, temperature, and mineral compositions for all measurement
points. The MRF method may have potential to deal with several geological uncertainties, which cause cumbersome systematic
errors, by its Bayesian approach and flexible formalism, so that it comprises potentially powerful tools for various inverse
problems in petrology. 相似文献
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Peter G. Brewer Edward Peltzer Izuo Aya Peter Haugan Richard Bellerby Kenji Yamane Ryuji Kojima Peter Walz Yasuharu Nakajima 《Journal of Oceanography》2004,60(4):751-758
We have carried out a small-scale (∼20 l) CO2 sequestration experiment off northern California (684 m depth, ∼5°C, background ocean pH ∼7.7) designed as an initial investigation
of the effects of physical forcing of the fluid, and the problem of sensing the formation of a low pH plume. The buoyant CO2 was contained in a square frame 1.2 m high, exposing 0.21 m2 to ocean flow. Two pH electrodes attached to the frame recorded the signal; a second frame placed 1.9 m south of the CO2 pool was also equipped with two recording pH electrodes. An additional pH electrode was held in the ROV robotic arm to probe
the fluid interface. Local water velocities of up to 40 cm sec−1 were encountered, creating significant eddies within the CO2 box, and forcing wavelets at the fluid interface. This resulted in rapid CO2 dissolution, with all CO2 being depleted in a little more than 2 days. The pH record from the sensor closest (∼10 cm) to the CO2 showed many spikes of low pH water, the extreme value being ∼5.9. The sensor 1 m immediately below this showed no detectable
response. The electrodes placed 1.9 m distant from the source also recorded very small perturbations. The results provide
important clues for the design of future experiments for CO2 disposal and biogeochemical impact studies. These include the need for dealing with the slow CO2 hydration kinetics, better understanding of the fluid dynamics of the CO2-water interface, and non-point source release designs to provide more constant, controlled local CO2 enrichments within the experimental area.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Chris Blake Michael B. Pracy Warrick J. Couch Kenji Bekki Ian Lewis Karl Glazebrook Ivan K. Baldry Carlton M. Baugh Joss Bland-Hawthorn Terry Bridges Russell Cannon Shaun Cole Matthew Colless Chris Collins Gavin Dalton Roberto De Propris Simon P. Driver George Efstathiou Richard S. Ellis Carlos S. Frenk Carole Jackson Ofer Lahav Stuart Lumsden Steve Maddox Darren Madgwick Peder Norberg John A. Peacock Bruce A. Peterson Will Sutherland Keith Taylor 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,355(3):713-727
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